The men who surveyed, charted and mapped the North American continent in the years preceding and following the Revolutionary War to produce these historical charts and maps represent the start of a 'modern' hydrographic and cartographic lineage. That they frequently had to work under the most extreme and exposed conditions, be it weather, insects (and other vermin) or gunfire makes their work even more spectacular. Those such as Brucks, Guy, Constable, Bartholomew and Rogers who charted the waters of the Middle East for the Honorable East India Company Marine provided no less a service.